Category: Featured News

Miracle Material – A Deadly Diagnosis

• Nancy Meredith
• Featured News, Scholarship

By: Kennedy McAlpin

One of the most tragic, yet mystifying, occurrences on our planet is the disease of cancer. It comes in many shapes and forms and in most instances is unpreventable. However, for one particular type of cancer, prevention is very easy, making it one of the most frustrating. Mesothelioma happens to be the type of cancer that can be prevented by avoiding exposure to asbestos. Unfortunately, asbestos has been flooding into our country for the last two centuries and continues to do so. It has made its way into our homes, businesses, pipelines, and more. When we first began using it, asbestos seemed like the miracle material- strong and inflammable. However, we have discovered since then that this miracle material is actually a silent killer. The hope for ridding our country of this disease can only come from awareness and education, informing everyone that asbestos is extremely harmful and potentially deadly for those who are exposed.

For those families who are dealing or have dealt with mesothelioma, finding closure and comfort is extremely important during times of loss. As a future Speech-Language Pathologist, my hope is to work with individuals dealing with cancer of all kinds in order to improve their quality of life through effective speech. As anyone who has dealt with cancer knows, the quality of life during the last days of someone’s fight is of the upmost importance to that individual and their family. For me to be able to help would be the most rewarding experience. However, completely ridding our country of this toxic material should be our top priority.

Raising awareness of the Dangers of Asbestos is the number one way we can prevent mesothelioma and increase early cancer detection. The use of websites and scholarships such as these greatly expand our population’s knowledge on the topic of asbestos and mesothelioma. People who have been exposed to asbestos need to realize that they are in great danger. Through portals that can vastly spread information, such as social media sites and news sources, individuals will be able to gain information that is vital for early detection and treatment. How can someone take action towards health problems if they do not realize they are in danger? If continued publications spread word of this deadly disease, one day, mesothelioma will be a killer of the past.

However, it is going to take the hard work of very dedicated individuals to bring this awareness to a rise. Our government officials need to be forced to take a hard look at the legislation of this country. As of now, asbestos continues to be imported into our country every day at an alarming rate. In fact, imports of asbestos increased by 25% in 2011 from the previous year. Americans are being lead astray, believing that our country is becoming safer from the dangers of asbestos. This is just not true. What makes this even more frustrating is that over 50 countries have already banned the importation and use of asbestos. America is simply disregarding the obvious fact that there are alternative materials to asbestos that are affordable and safe. It is my duty and the duty of other informed individuals to raise our voices against asbestos.

When originally deciding to become a Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP), I was unaware of how vast the field exactly was. I assumed that most speech-language pathologists took on the role of working in elementary schools helping kids with their articulation. However, after being in the program for only a few short weeks, I have come to realize that our realm of work is extremely broad. I have specifically seen the impact of speech-language pathologists in my anatomy class. Realizing the broad range of people I have the opportunity to work with has opened my eyes and greatly increased my passion for the field of speech-language pathology. When working with geriatrics, SLP’s have the opportunity to help people who have endured strokes and other health conditions.

However, this can also extend to those who are dealing with cancers such as mesothelioma. One of the symptoms of mesothelioma is shortness of breath. When individuals experience shortness of breath this directly affects their ability to speak. Speech is powered by the lungs and when the lungs do not have enough power to provide the adequate amount of air supply for speaking, speech can become disfluent, choppy, and often times at a level that is too low to hear. Very quickly, communicating can become very frustrating for an individual with shortness of breath, chest pains, or chronic coughing. Fortunately, SLP’s are highly trained in giving therapy that can greatly improve an individual’s speech when experiencing these symptoms. The ability to effectively communicate is a daily life skill that we often take for granted. For someone who is potentially facing their last days with their family and loved ones, communication is something that should not be sacrificed. As an SLP, my hopes are to have the privilege to equip mesothelioma patients with the ability to speak both effectively and comfortably.

I am able to empathize with family members of mesothelioma patients as I have dealt with my own grandpa suffering from lung cancer. Thanks to his ability to speak during his last days on Earth, he was able to share with me stories from his time serving our country in the Navy. These are memories that I will always cherish. For those families who have lost loved ones to mesothelioma, there are no words that can express my deepest apologies. I cannot pretend to understand the frustration that comes from knowing that the disease that took your family member was one that could have been prevented. However, the best thing to do in order to honor your family member would be to channel this frustration into a passion for spreading the word about asbestos. In order to prevent asbestos from taking thousands of more lives each year, action must be taken right now. Our families are continuing to be exposed to this toxic material because of lack of awareness and industries refusing to use alternatives for asbestos.

Although cancer is very mystifying, mesothelioma is not. The cause is known and prevention has been found. This is one cancer that should be eradicated from our country. However, word must spread. In order for word to spread, we must raise our voices to our government officials. Legislation must be passed that completely bans asbestos from entering through our boarders. The fact that over 50 countries worldwide have already stopped importing asbestos and America continues to do so is appalling. But I refuse to stay silent. Through my awareness, others will become aware. Through my education, people suffering from this disease will be able to have a better quality of life during their last moments with family. Through the inspiration of families who have lost loved ones to mesothelioma, others will be revived. Not a single person more should lose their life to asbestos because now, we know.

References
Mayo Clinic. “Symptoms (of Mesothelioma).” 24 Oct. 2012. Web. 02 Oct. 2015. 
MesotheliomaHelp.org. “Causes of Mesothelioma.” 11 Feb. 2013. Web. 02 Oct. 2015
Povtak, Tim. “Asbestos Imports Have Started to Rise Again, Fueled by Manufacturers’ Demands.” The Mesothelioma Center. 26 Jan. 2012. Web. 02 Oct. 2015.
Seikel, J. Anthony., King, Douglas., & Drumright, David. Anatomy & Physiology for Speech Language, and Hearing {Fourth Edition}. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar, Cengage Learning; 2010.
The Mesothelioma Center. “Asbestos Exposure.” Web. 02 Oct. 2015.

The Latest Developments in Treatment of Mesothelioma

• Nancy Meredith
• Featured News

by Jennifer Schnalzer

Mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer that affects the membrane lining of the lungs and abdomen and is the most serious of all asbestos-related diseases. Asbestos refers to a set of six naturally occurring fibrous minerals that are extremely durable and resistant to fire and most chemical reactions and breakdowns (MCA, 2014). Most products today do not contain asbestos. However, asbestos was used in many building products and insulation materials in homes until about the 1970’s (CPSC, 2014) Therefore, asbestos still plays a major role in today’s society and more and more people are being diagnosed with mesothelioma due to asbestos exposure.

Studies show that people breathing high levels of asbestos fibers can lead to an increased risk of mesothelioma. Mesothelioma is a cancer that usually affects the thin, protective membrane of the chest surrounding the lungs, heart or abdominal cavity (Selby, 2014). In the United States, doctors diagnose between 2,000 and 3,000 new cases a year. Worldwide approximately 14,200 people are diagnosed a year and 43,000 people die from the disease annually (Selby, 2014).

Mesothelioma is a difficult cancer to treat and doctors are constantly trying to improve on current approaches. The three standard treatments used are surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Currently, the leading therapeutic approach for mesothelioma is called multimodal treatment, involving a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy (Selby, 2014). While each treatment option has their own benefits by itself, cancer specialists are opting for a more effective approach of combining treatments. Some patients are given chemotherapy and/or radiation therapies after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left.

Since standard treatments often have limited usefulness against mesothelioma, researchers and doctors are studying new types of treatment. The research and treatments being performed in clinical trials and facilities across the world are leading doctors to more effective procedures for current and future mesothelioma patients (American Cancer Society, 2014). There may be tremendous potential with biologic therapy, gene therapy and photodynamic therapy. Even though these treatments are still in the clinical trial phase they could very well be the standard treatment in the future.

Biologic therapy, also known as, immunotherapy is a treatment that uses the patient’s immune system to fight cancer (NCI, 2013). When combines with the other anticancer treatments like chemotherapy, biologic therapy can improve survival rates and reduce symptoms for people with mesotheliomma. Even though it has not been able to cure the cancer, it can enhance the immune system response to mesothelioma cancer. Researchers have discovered a direct correlation between penetrating lymphocytes and mesothelioma prognosis, indicating that enhanced immune response may improve patient outcome (Selby, 2014). Some types of biologic therapy are referred to as vaccination therapy. One approach is to remove the immune cells from the patient’s blood and treat them in a lab to get them to react to tumor cells, the immune cells are then given back to the patients as blood transfusion, where it is hoped they will cause the body’s immune cell system to attack the cancer (American Cancer Society, 2014).

Other approaches of biologic therapy are the studies of drugs such as tremelimumab, ganetespib, and defactinib. The objective for these drugs is to help kill the cancers cells and prevent them from spreading. Tremelimumab is an antibody that blocks Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen4. CTLA4 is a protein found on the cells of the immune system, which may prevent immune cells from attacking cancer cells by slowing the immune response, allowing the cancer to grow and spread. Tremelimumab blocks the lymphocyte CTLA4 from slowing the immune system which enhances the immune response against mesothelioma (MSKCC, 2014). Ganetespib is a drug that is currently being tested to prevent mesothelioma tumors. Ganetespib inhibits heat shock protein 90, which is a protein in cells that is required in order for a tumor growth to occur. Tests have indicated that ganetespib is extremely active in mesothelioma and doctors seem to think that combined with chemotherapy this treatment could shrink cancers down and improve symptoms for patients (Leicester, 2013). Defactinib is another biological therapy drug being tested in clinicals. The clinical trial that is testing Defactinib is called COMMAND (Giulianotti, 2014). Defactinib is an oral drug that targets cancer stem cells by inhibitin the process of the protein focal adhesion kinase, which is needed for cancer stem cells to grow and survive. Defactinib is designed to stop the signals that the cancer cells use to divide and grow (Giulianotti, 2014). Defactinib is less toxic than chemotherapy and has fewer side effecting allowing it to be used for long periods of time to compat tumor stem cells and for maintenance (Povtak, 2013). Defactinib is proving to be a very promising treatment for mesothelioma and has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the treatment of mesothelioma (Povtak, 2013).

Researchers are exploring a newer type of treatment involving gene therapy to treat patients with mesothelioma. Gene therapy attempts to add new genes to cancer cells to make them easier to kill (American Cancer Society, 2014). One type of gene therapy targets cancer cells and auses them to die; this is called suicide gene therapy and is one of the most promising forms of gene therapy for treatment of mesothelioma (Selby, 2014). With the help of a virus, doctors introduce a protein-producing gene that converts a non-toxic drug into one that can kill cancer cells (Selby, 2014). Another type of gene therapy uses modified viruses to deliver immune system molecules called cytokines. Cytokines can help the immune system mount an attack against cancer cells (Selby, 2014). Early studies of gene therapy have found that it may shrink or slow the growth of mesothelioma in some people. However, because gene therapy is still in its infancy, the long-term side effects of the treatment remain unknown and more research is needed to determine if this treatment will truly work.

A newer therapy being used to treat mesothelioma is Photodynamic therapy, which uses light energy to kill cancer cells. First, a photosensitizer drug is injected into the patient. The main photosensitizer used for pleural mesothelioma treatment is porfimer sodium, usually called Photofrin (Selby, 2014). This drug is absorbed by cells and happens to remain in cancer cells longer. Therefore, after a few days when the photosensitizer has left many of the healthy cells, a special light is applied to the area, usually via laser, to activate the drug. The activated drug produces a highly reactive form of oxygen which affects all nearby cancer cells causing a reaction that kills the cancer cells (Selby, 2014). Photodynamic therapy has demonstrated positive results and is developing into a viable treatment option. Not only is photodynamic therapy less invasive with fewer side effects but it can also be used safely with other treatments to be more effective in increasing life expectancy (Mesothelioma Guide, 2014).

Even though there is still no cure for mesothelioma, advances in treatment offer hope for those affected by mesothelioma. Mesothelioma patients are living longer than ever before, benefiting from the advancement in treatment and the personalized care they receive at specialty centers across the country. More accurate diagnostic tools, better chemotherapy drug combinations and improved surgical techniques all play a role in the treatment progress. As research and experiments continue, the newer forms of treatment involving biologic therapy, gene therapy, and photodynamic therapy may become the first line of treatment for mesothelioma in conjunction with the standard treatments. With the developments of the new treatments, many doctors hope to give patients with mesothelioma a better quality of life and increase life expectancy and to maybe one day actually find a cure.

REFERENCES

• American Cancer Society (2014) What’s New in Malignant Mesothelioma Research and Treatment?
  http://www.cancer.org/cancer/malignantmesothelioma/detailedguide/malignant-mesothelioma-new-research
• Consumer Product Safety Comission: CPSC (2014). Asbestos In The Home
  http://www.cpsc.gov/en/Safety-Education/Safety-Guides/Home/Asbestos-In-The-Home/
• Dr Giulianotti, Dan (2014). Will Mesothelioma Finally Meet Its Match?
  http://www.mesocare.org/verastem-mesothelioma-treatment/
• MSKCC: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (2014). Phase II Study of Tremelimumab versus Placebo for Previously Treated Inoperable Mesothelioma
  http://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/clinical-trials
• NCI: National Cancer Institute: (2013). Malignant Mesothelioma Treatment
  http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/malignantmesothelioma/patient/
• Povtak, Tim (2013). New Clinical Trial Tests Drug to Control Cancer Stem Cells.
• Selby, Karen (2014). Mesothelioma. The Mesothelioma Center
• University of Leicester (2013). Mesothelioma: Two groundbreaking trials into treatments for asbestos-related cancer. Science Daily
  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/09/130923092748.htm

Scholarship Essay by Kristyn Albert

• Nancy Meredith
• Featured News

“We aren’t exactly sure what is causing this discomfort Kathy, but we know it’s not cancer.” Those are the words she heard multiple times as she visited different doctors trying to pin point the cause of the back pain she was experiencing. No one ever expects it to be them, their family, their loved ones. Kathy was a wife, mother, sister, daughter, teacher and friend. While she had a heart bigger than Texas, with her humble, graceful spirit, she was the very best at everything she did. My personal favorite thing being, she was my mom.

And while some would say that those doctor visits are where the story began, I would fast forward a couple months and say our journey really began on March 25, 2008. Mom was teaching in her third grade classroom on the morning of March 25th when she reached over to take a drink of her Diet Coke, where she then had a stroke and fell over. That morning is when our lives changed forever. After being rushed to the hospital and having multiple tests done, the doctors came back and told my mom she had Mesothelioma, a rare form of cancer in the lining of the lungs.

When my mom and dad sat my older sister and I down to tell us what the doctors had shared with them, I felt as if I was in a nightmare, one I wanted to quickly come out of. Sadly it wasn’t the type of nightmare I could just wake up from. In the weeks to follow, we found out more and more about this awful cancer and the numbers did not seem to be on our side. It was a fast growing, very aggressive cancer, one that is ultimately incurable. There are three types of mesothelioma, the most common type being pleural, which is what my mom had.

Unfortunately it is a type of cancer that is very difficult for doctors to detect early on, which lead to my mom reaching stage four when they finally found it. With being stage four, even at the young age of 45, the survival rate was very small. But that statistic didn’t scare my mom and she never once gave up the fight. The only known cause of mesothelioma found today is by exposure to asbestos, which was commonly used as an acoustic insulator and in thermal insulation in homes built before the 1980s. Research shows it being linked to mesothelioma, when one breathes in the asbestos fibers which then settle in the thin membranes of the lining of the lungs.

They believe my mom most likely acquired this while growing up, for most patients have it at least 10-15 years before it is ever found. After learning the symptoms of mesothelioma, Mom had been experiencing a good bit of them for some time, sadly we just didn’t know it. She had a persistent dry cough, unusual pain or discomfort and at times shortness of breath. While it affects the organs in the chest, it is most commonly found in the tissue surrounding the lungs. When Mom was diagnosed with stage four, the doctors told her she was looking at around 9 months to live. At this stage, Mom’s cancer wasn’t constricted to one side of her chest but had spread to both of her lungs which made surgery no longer an option. Fluid was starting to build up in the lining of her lungs which resulted in making breathing very difficult.

When faced with cancer, it ultimately gives you two choices; to run and hide or to face it head on. Mom told us she would fight until she could not fight anymore, and she did just that. She started going down to MD Anderson in Houston, TX to receive treatment from some of the most experienced doctors in the world. Mom went back and forth from Fort Worth, where we lived, to Houston weekly to receive different treatments. With being stage four, the doctors were most focused on keeping her comfortable. She went through chemotherapy and more medications than one can count. All the while she never complained, never questioned why her, was so hopeful and so full of life.

The thing with cancer is, it does not just affect you, your family or your loved ones. It affects everyone surrounding you. While Mom loved being a teacher in the classroom, her illness quickly grew to a point that caused her not be able to teach anymore due to her health. This was one of the hardest things for her to give up. What my mom didn’t realize was that her teaching skills weren’t just impacting children in the classroom, but she quickly became a teacher outside the classroom to people in the community. Every Saturday morning for 18 months, approximately 80 Saturdays during Mom’s illness, people met at a near by park in honor of my mom, which quickly grew to be known as “Prayer in the Park”.

Whether it was 10 people or 100, we prayed, laughed, cried, shared stories, memories and poured love over Mom. While we all thought we were the ones supporting and helping her, it quickly became evident that even outside the classroom, Mom was still the teacher and we were her students. She taught us so much about life through her illness. I think my dad said it best when he said, “The response to her illness was now turning into a fellowship and ministry and the lesson theme for this class centered around faith. Kathy was faithful to her school and profession, faithful to her friends, faithful to her family and ultimately lovingly faithful to our God. Never have I seen someone more exemplify the meaning of “livestrong”.

Through this illness, Kathy touched the hearts of so many … young and old… near and far … friends and strangers. She had enough courage, faith and hope for all of us who rallied around her. So many people (almost 2300 to date) have left messages about Kathy being an inspiration … a model of faith and a beacon of hope. How ironic it was to learn that we thought we were carrying Kathy through this journey, only to realize that she had actually been leading us the entire time. She taught us to: Love our God, love our family, share our treasures and talents, openly pray, put others before yourself, always believe in yourself, and never give up hope.”

While I watched my mom go from being active, to using a walker, wheel chair, oxygen machine and having a hospice bed in our house, the one thing I never watched was her give up. While this rapidly, aggressive cancer took over my moms body and ultimately took her life on December 6, 2009, she fought until the very end. Her passing gave me the desire to impact and help improve people’s quality of life, which is why I want to pursue my dreams of being a nurse. Her untimely decline taught me what it truly means to live, and her death placed a new value on life. In the wake of my families own personal tragedies and realizations, studying nursing will allow me to answer my life’s ultimate calling to serve others.

To this date, mesothelioma does not have a cure and only 5-10% of people with this heart wrenching cancer live five years after being diagnosed. This is such a short period of time in the world we live in today, considering the technology we have. I want to change that. I never want someone to experience what I did feeling so helpless, knowing there was nothing I could do to save my mom. Not enough people know about this awful cancer and I hope with becoming a nurse, more people will. My mom might not have been a survivor to mesothelioma, but she sure was a fighter.

Breakthrough Blood Test May Extend Mesothelioma Survival

• Nancy Meredith
• Cancer, Diagnosis, Featured News, Pleural Mesothelioma

Just last week, MesotheliomaHelp reported on a corporate partnership for blood test tools that will bring improved results in the detection of key lung cancer mutations. Blood biopsies are shown to be fast and accurate, as well as less stressful on the patients. Now, in another breakthrough using liquid biopsies, researchers report success in the early detection of mesothelioma and screening for multiple cancers using one tool.

Researchers from Johns Hopkins University have developed the CancerSeek blood test that is able to screen for eight different types of cancers and can help pinpoint the location of the tumor. In a recent study of 1,005 cancer patients, the results had a “greater than 99 percent specificity for cancer,” according to a Jan. 19 press release from Johns Hopkins University.

Although there are screening options for some cancers, such as breast and prostate,  mesothelioma, and many other cancers, are diagnosed after the patient goes to a doctor exhibiting some of the signature symptoms of cancer: unexplained weight loss, extreme fatigue and a persistent cough. CancerSeek results had a sensitivity ranging from 69 percent to 98 percent in five cancers that do not currently have any screening test availables, including ovarian, pancreatic, and esophageal cancers.

The test, according to the researchers, looks at eight common cancer proteins and the presence of cancer gene mutations from DNA circulating in the blood. The team developed a “small yet robust panel” that could detect at least one mutation and not lead to false-positives. The test is used for cancer detection only, and does not detect specific biomarkers to drive treatment.

“The use of a combination of selected biomarkers for early detection has the potential to change the way we screen for cancer…,” says Nickolas Papadopoulos, senior author and professor of oncology and pathology at Johns Hopkins.

Pleural mesothelioma, a deadly cancer of the lungs caused by past exposure to asbestos, has a long incubation period where patients may not exhibit symptoms for decades after exposure. By then the disease is already at an advanced, incurable stage.

Early detection of cancer through screening reduces mortality from many cancers, including lung and colon, according to the National Cancer Society. When treating mesothelioma patients, the best outcome is achieved with early detection of the disease by increasing treatment options and improving the patients’ quality of life while battling the cancer.

The  tests are still in the early stages of research and are not yet available; however, they may be helpful in diagnosing mesothelioma in the future. In fact, the team anticipates a relatively inexpensive test that may be conducted by a primary care provider.

Read the results of the study in the Jan. 18 issue of the journal Science.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6349/378

Turning Off Certain Enzymes Could Stop Mesothelioma Growth

• Nancy Meredith
• Cancer, Featured News, Research

Researchers realize that one of the best ways to fight cancer is to stop it from growing and metastasizing in the first place. However, finding the right way to do that is not easy. Now, researchers believe that by turning off certain enzymes they can stop cancer cells from dividing. This discovery may stop cancer in its tracks, and bring new treatments that could extend the lives of mesothelioma patients.

Researchers from Uppsala University, Karolinska Institutet, and the University of Oxford, began to look deeper into finding a way to switch off enzymes as a promising strategy to fight cancer. Tailored drugs are needed to shut down an individual enzyme, but before they could look at new therapies, they needed to better understand how cancer-fighting drugs get to their targets.

The team of scientists turned their focus deep into the cells to a cell membrane protein dehydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), a key anticancer target known to play a role in cell proliferation, according to a Jan. 19 press release from Uppsala University. They conducted a series of tests to determine how lipids, or building blocks of the cell membrane, and drugs bind to the DHODH enzyme. By better understanding this mechanism, they can better understand how to drive drugs directly to the disease.

“To our surprise, we saw that one drug seemed to bind better to the enzyme when lipid-like molecules were present,” says assistant professor Michael Landreh, Karolinska Institutet. In addition, they found that a lipid present in the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex, or the cell’s energy source, binds to the enzyme. The researchers concluded that DHODH may “use special lipids to find its correct place on the membrane.”

Research suggests that tumor metastases are responsible for approximately 90% of all cancer-related deaths. Funding research to find ways to have drugs home in directly on the disease brings hope to every cancer patient. In the case of mesothelioma, an incurable, asbestos-caused cancer, that quickly spreads to other organs leaving patients with few treatment options, halting cancer growth could lead to extended survival. Survival is typically about one year.

“By studying the native structures and mechanisms for cancer targets, it may become possible to exploit their most distinct features to design new, more selective therapeutics,” says Sir David Lane, Karolinska Institutet.

To find out more about this research, read the full study in the Jan. 18 issue of Cell Chemical Biology.

http://www.cell.com/cell-chemical-biology/fulltext/S2451-9456(17)30461-0